驾驶舱仪表盘

飞行模拟器最有代入感的部分就是驾驶舱。坐在满是仪表和开关的驾驶舱里，看着速度表爬升、高度表变化、罗盘指向目的地——这种感觉是飞行模拟器独特的魅力。本章实现一套完整的模拟驾驶舱仪表盘。

本章你将学到

• 六大基础仪表：速度表、高度表、姿态仪、升降速度表、转弯协调仪、航向仪
• 发动机仪表：转速、油量、油温
• 导航仪表：VOR、ADF、GPS
• 第一人称驾驶舱视角
• 仪表的 3D 物理表盘（看起来像真的）

六大飞行仪表（经典六件套）

每一架飞机都有这六个基础仪表，它们是飞行员最重要的信息来源：

驾驶舱中央仪表布局（标准T形布局）：

┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐
│  空速表   │  │  姿态仪   │  │  高度表   │
│  (ASI)   │  │  (ADI)   │  │  (ALT)   │
└──────────┘  └──────────┘  └──────────┘
┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐
│ 转弯协调  │  │  航向仪   │  │ 升降速度  │
│  (TC)    │  │  (HI)    │  │  (VSI)   │
└──────────┘  └──────────┘  └──────────┘

仪表	全称	显示内容	重要性
空速表	Air Speed Indicator	飞机相对空气的速度（节）	极重要
姿态仪	Attitude Director Indicator	飞机俯仰角和横滚角	极重要
高度表	Altimeter	飞行高度（英尺或米）	极重要
升降速度表	Vertical Speed Indicator	每分钟爬升/下降速度	重要
转弯协调仪	Turn Coordinator	转弯速率和侧滑	重要
航向仪	Heading Indicator	飞行方向（度）	重要

实现仪表盘系统

仪表盘在 Godot 中有两种实现方式：

1. 3D 物理表盘：真实的 3D 模型，指针旋转（更沉浸，性能消耗较高）
2. 2D 叠加层：用 CanvasLayer 画 2D 仪表（简单快速）

建议先用 2D 叠加层快速实现，后期再升级为 3D 物理表盘：

GDScript

extends CanvasLayer

## 驾驶舱仪表盘控制器
class_name CockpitInstruments

@onready var aircraft: RealisticFlightController = get_parent()

## 空速表组件
@onready var asi_needle: Control = $SpeedIndicator/Needle
@onready var asi_value: Label = $SpeedIndicator/Value

## 高度表组件
@onready var alt_needle_100: Control = $Altimeter/Needle100ft
@onready var alt_needle_1000: Control = $Altimeter/Needle1000ft
@onready var alt_value: Label = $Altimeter/Value

## 姿态仪组件
@onready var adi_horizon: TextureRect = $AttitudeIndicator/Horizon  ## 地平线图片
@onready var adi_pitch_mark: Control = $AttitudeIndicator/PitchMarker

## 航向仪
@onready var hi_compass: Control = $HeadingIndicator/CompassRose

## 升降速度表
@onready var vsi_needle: Control = $VSI/Needle

func _process(_delta: float) -> void:
    _update_airspeed()
    _update_altitude()
    _update_attitude()
    _update_heading()
    _update_vsi()

func _update_airspeed() -> void:
    ## 空速表：0-200节，指针旋转270度
    var knots := aircraft.airspeed / 0.514
    var rotation := knots / 200.0 * 270.0  ## 映射到角度
    asi_needle.rotation_degrees = -135.0 + rotation  ## 从-135度开始
    asi_value.text = "%d kts" % int(knots)

func _update_altitude() -> void:
    var feet := aircraft.altitude * 3.28084  ## 米转英尺
    ## 高度表有两根指针：百位和千位
    alt_needle_100.rotation_degrees = fmod(feet, 1000.0) / 1000.0 * 360.0
    alt_needle_1000.rotation_degrees = feet / 10000.0 * 360.0
    alt_value.text = "%d ft" % int(feet)

func _update_attitude() -> void:
    ## 姿态仪：地平线图片随俯仰角上下移动，随横滚角旋转
    var pitch_deg := rad_to_deg(aircraft.get_pitch_angle())  ## TODO: 实现获取俯仰角
    var roll_deg := rad_to_deg(aircraft.get_roll_angle())    ## TODO: 实现获取横滚角

    ## 地平线移动：每度俯仰对应10像素
    adi_horizon.position.y = pitch_deg * 10.0
    adi_horizon.rotation_degrees = -roll_deg

func _update_heading() -> void:
    ## 航向仪：罗盘花逆时针旋转（飞机朝北时不转，朝东时转-90度）
    var heading := aircraft.get_heading_degrees()  ## TODO: 获取磁航向
    hi_compass.rotation_degrees = -heading

func _update_vsi() -> void:
    ## 升降速度表：±2000英尺/分钟，指针旋转-135到+135度
    var vspeed_fpm := aircraft.linear_velocity.y * 196.85  ## 米/秒转英尺/分钟
    var rotation := clampf(vspeed_fpm / 2000.0, -1.0, 1.0) * 135.0
    vsi_needle.rotation_degrees = rotation

C

using Godot;

public partial class CockpitInstruments : CanvasLayer
{
    private RealisticFlightController _aircraft;

    private Control _asiNeedle;
    private Label _asiValue;
    private Control _altNeedle100, _altNeedle1000;
    private Label _altValue;
    private TextureRect _adiHorizon;
    private Control _hiCompass;
    private Control _vsiNeedle;

    public override void _Ready()
    {
        _aircraft = GetParent<RealisticFlightController>();
        _asiNeedle = GetNode<Control>("SpeedIndicator/Needle");
        _asiValue = GetNode<Label>("SpeedIndicator/Value");
        _altNeedle100 = GetNode<Control>("Altimeter/Needle100ft");
        _altNeedle1000 = GetNode<Control>("Altimeter/Needle1000ft");
        _altValue = GetNode<Label>("Altimeter/Value");
        _adiHorizon = GetNode<TextureRect>("AttitudeIndicator/Horizon");
        _hiCompass = GetNode<Control>("HeadingIndicator/CompassRose");
        _vsiNeedle = GetNode<Control>("VSI/Needle");
    }

    public override void _Process(double delta)
    {
        UpdateAirspeed();
        UpdateAltitude();
        UpdateAttitude();
        UpdateHeading();
        UpdateVSI();
    }

    private void UpdateAirspeed()
    {
        float knots = _aircraft.Airspeed / 0.514f;
        _asiNeedle.RotationDegrees = -135f + knots / 200f * 270f;
        _asiValue.Text = $"{(int)knots} kts";
    }

    private void UpdateAltitude()
    {
        float feet = _aircraft.Altitude * 3.28084f;
        _altNeedle100.RotationDegrees = feet % 1000f / 1000f * 360f;
        _altNeedle1000.RotationDegrees = feet / 10000f * 360f;
        _altValue.Text = $"{(int)feet} ft";
    }

    private void UpdateAttitude()
    {
        // TODO: 从飞机获取俯仰角和横滚角
        float pitchDeg = 0f;
        float rollDeg = 0f;
        _adiHorizon.Position = new Vector2(_adiHorizon.Position.X, pitchDeg * 10f);
        _adiHorizon.RotationDegrees = -rollDeg;
    }

    private void UpdateHeading()
    {
        // TODO: 从飞机获取磁航向
        _hiCompass.RotationDegrees = 0f;
    }

    private void UpdateVSI()
    {
        float vspeedFpm = _aircraft.LinearVelocity.Y * 196.85f;
        _vsiNeedle.RotationDegrees = Mathf.Clamp(vspeedFpm / 2000f, -1f, 1f) * 135f;
    }
}

导航仪表

GPS导航显示

GDScript

extends Control

## GPS导航显示器
class_name GPSDisplay

@export var waypoints: Array[Vector3] = []   ## 导航路径点
var current_waypoint_index: int = 0

@onready var aircraft: RealisticFlightController = get_node("/root/Player")
@onready var distance_label: Label = $DistanceLabel
@onready var bearing_label: Label = $BearingLabel
@onready var eta_label: Label = $ETALabel

func _process(_delta: float) -> void:
    if current_waypoint_index >= waypoints.size():
        return

    var target := waypoints[current_waypoint_index]
    var to_target := target - aircraft.global_position

    ## 距离
    var distance_km := to_target.length() / 1000.0
    distance_label.text = "%.1f km" % distance_km

    ## 方位角（飞往目标的磁航向）
    var bearing := rad_to_deg(atan2(to_target.x, to_target.z))
    if bearing < 0:
        bearing += 360.0
    bearing_label.text = "%03d°" % int(bearing)

    ## 预计到达时间
    if aircraft.airspeed > 1.0:
        var eta_seconds := to_target.length() / aircraft.airspeed
        var eta_min := int(eta_seconds / 60)
        var eta_sec := int(eta_seconds) % 60
        eta_label.text = "%d:%02d" % [eta_min, eta_sec]

C

using Godot;
using Godot.Collections;

public partial class GPSDisplay : Control
{
    [Export] public Array<Vector3> Waypoints = new();
    private int _currentWaypointIndex = 0;

    private RealisticFlightController _aircraft;
    private Label _distanceLabel, _bearingLabel, _etaLabel;

    public override void _Ready()
    {
        _aircraft = GetNode<RealisticFlightController>("/root/Player");
        _distanceLabel = GetNode<Label>("DistanceLabel");
        _bearingLabel = GetNode<Label>("BearingLabel");
        _etaLabel = GetNode<Label>("ETALabel");
    }

    public override void _Process(double delta)
    {
        if (_currentWaypointIndex >= Waypoints.Count) return;
        var target = Waypoints[_currentWaypointIndex];
        var toTarget = target - _aircraft.GlobalPosition;

        float distKm = toTarget.Length() / 1000f;
        _distanceLabel.Text = $"{distKm:F1} km";

        float bearing = Mathf.RadToDeg(Mathf.Atan2(toTarget.X, toTarget.Z));
        if (bearing < 0) bearing += 360f;
        _bearingLabel.Text = $"{(int)bearing:D3}°";

        if (_aircraft.Airspeed > 1f)
        {
            float etaSec = toTarget.Length() / _aircraft.Airspeed;
            _etaLabel.Text = $"{(int)etaSec / 60}:{(int)etaSec % 60:D2}";
        }
    }
}

下一步

驾驶舱完成后，进行 音效与视觉效果的完善。